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GLADSTONE； UPON HEAIUNG OF THE DEATH OF 〃Chinese〃 Gordon in Egypt； was reported to have muttered irritably that his general might have chosen a more propitious time to die： Gordon's death threw the Gladstone government into turmoil and crisis。 An aide suggested that the circumstances were unique and unpredictable； to which Gladstone crossly answered： 〃All crises are the same。〃
He meant political crises； of course。 There were no scientific crises in 1885； and indeed none for nearly forty years afterward。 Since then there have been eight of major importance； two have received wide publicity。 It is interesting that both the publicized crises atomic energy and space capability have concerned chemistry and physics； not biology。
This is to be expected。 Physics was the first of the natural sciences to bee fully modern and highly mathematical。 Chemistry followed in the wake of physics； but biology； the retarded child； lagged far behind。 Even in the time of Newton and Galileo； men knew more about the moon and other heavenly bodies than they did about their own。
It was not until the late 1940's that this situation changed。 The postwar period ushered in a new era of biologic research； spurred by the discovery of antibiotics。 Suddenly there was both enthusiasm and money for biology； and a torrent of discoveries poured forth： tranquilizers； steroid hormones； immunochemistry； the genetic code。 By 1953 the first kidney was transplanted and by 1958 the first birthcontrol pills were tested。 It was not long before biology was the fastest…growing field in all science； it was doubling its knowledge every ten years。 Farsighted researchers talked seriously of changing genes； controlling evolution； regulating the mind ideas that had been wild speculation ten years before。
And yet there had never been a biologic crisis。 The Andromeda Strain provided the first。
According to Lewis Bornheim； a crisis is a situation in which a previously tolerable set of circumstances is suddenly； by the addition of another factor； rendered wholly intolerable。 Whether the additional factor is political； economic； or scientific hardly matters： the death of a national hero； the instability of prices； or a technological discovery can all set events in motion。 In this sense； Gladstone was right： all crises are the same。
The noted scholar Alfred Pockrun； in his study of crises （Culture； Crisis and Change）； has made several interesting points。 First； he observes that every crisis has its beginnings long before the actual onset。 Thus Einstein published his theories of relativity in 1905…15； forty years before his work culminated in the end of a war； the start of an age； and the beginnings of a crisis。
Similarly； in the early twentieth century； American； German； and Russian scientists were all interested in space travel； but only the Germans recognized the military potential of rockets。 And after the war； when the German rocket installation at Peenernfinde was cannibalized by the Soviets and Americans； it was only the Russians who made immediate； vigorous moves toward developing space capabilities。 The Americans were content to tinker playfully with rockets and ten years later； this resulted in an American scientific crisis involving Sputnik； American education； the ICBM； and the missile gap。
Pockran also observes that a crisis is pounded of individuals and personalities； which are unique：
***
It is as difficult to imagine Alexander at the Rubicon； and Eisenhower at Waterloo； as it is difficult to imagine Darwin writing to Roosevelt about the potential for an atomic bomb。 A crisis is made by men； who enter into the crisis with their own prejudices； propensities； and predispositions。 A crisis is the sum of intuition and blind spots； a blend of facts noted and facts ignored。
Yet underlying the uniqueness of each crisis is a disturbing sameness。 A characteristic of all crises is their predictability； in retrospect。 They seem to have a certain inevitability； they seem predestined。 This is not true of all crises； but it is true of sufficiently many to make the most hardened historian cynical and misanthropic。
***
In the light of Pockran's arguments； it is interesting to consider the background and personalities involved in the Andromeda Strain。 At the time of Andromeda； there had never been a crisis of biological science； and the first Americans faced with the facts were not disposed to think in terms of one。 Shawn and Crane were capable but not thoughtful men； and Edgar roe； the night officer at Vandenberg； though a scientist； was not prepared to consider anything beyond the immediate irritation of a quiet evening ruined by an inexplicable problem。
According to protocol； roe called his superior officer； Major Arthur Manchek； and here the story takes a different turn。 For Manchek was both prepared and disposed to consider a crisis of the most major proportions。
But he was not prepared to acknowledge it。
***
Major Manchek； his face still creased with sleep； sat on the edge of roe's desk and listened to the replay of the tape from the van。
When it was finished； he said； 〃Strangest damned thing I ever heard；〃 and played it over again。 While he did so； he carefully filled his pipe with tobacco； lit it； and tamped it down。
Arthur Manchek was an engineer； a quiet heavyset man plagued by labile hypertension； which threatened to end further promotions as an Army officer。 He had been advised on many occasions to lose weight； but had been unable to do so。 He was therefore considering abandoning the Army for a career as a scientist in private industry； where people did not care what your weight or blood pressure was。
Manchek had e to Vandenberg from Wright Patterson in Ohio； where he had been in charge of experiments in spacecraft landing methods。 His job had been to develop a capsule shape that could touch down with equal safety on either land or sea。 Manchek had succeeded in developing three new shapes that were promising； his success led to a promotion and transfer to Vandenberg。
Here he did administrative work； and hated it。 People bored Manchek； the mechanics of manipulation and the vagaries of subordinate personality held no fascination for him。 He often wished he were back at the wind tunnels of Wright Patterson。
Particularly on nights when he was called out of bed by some damn fool problem。
Tonight he felt irritable； and under stress。 His reaction to this was characteristic： he became slow。 He moved slowly； he thought slowly； he proceeded with a dull and plodding deliberation。 It was the secret of his success。 Whenever people around him became excited； Manchek seemed to grow more disinterested； until he appeared about to fall asleep。 It was a trick he had for remaining totally objective and clearheaded。
Now he sighed and puffed on his pipe as the tape spun out for the second time。
〃No munications breakdown； I take it？〃
roe shook his head。 〃We checked all systems at this end。 We are still monitoring the frequency。〃 He turned on the radio； and hissing static filled the room。 〃You know about the audio screen？〃
〃Vaguely；〃 Manchek said； suppressing a yawn。 In fact； the audio screen was a system he had developed three years before。 In simplest terms； it was a puterized way to find a needle in a haystack a machine program that listened to apparently garbled； random sound and picked out certain irregularities。 For example； the hubbub of conversation at an embassy cocktail party could be recorded and fed through the puter； which would pick out a single voice and separate it from the rest。
It had several intelligence applications。
〃Well；〃 roe said； 〃after the transmission ended； we got nothing but the static you hear now。 We put it through the audio screen； to see if the puter could pick up a pattern。 And we ran it through the oscilloscope in the corner。〃
Across the room； the green face of the scope displayed a jagged dancing white line the summated sound of static。
〃Then；〃 roe said； 〃we cut in the puter。 Like so。〃
He p