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The final kind of book owners，however，have a few books or many，every one of them do geared（having the corners of the pages bent down with use，like a dog's ears） and dilapidated（broken and old，falling to pieces），shaken and loosened by continual
use，marked and
scribbled in from front to back．（These men really own books．）
Do you agree with Pr of．Adler？
25．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
In the above model essay，according to the writer，book owners can be divided into three kinds．They are as follows：
1）Owners with
all standard sets and best…sellers—unread，untouched；
2）Owners with a
great many books，a few of them
read through，most off them
dipped into；
3）Owners with a
few books or many，every one of
them do geared，dilapidated，shaken and loosened…
根据范例所示，我们得知作者将有书的人划为三类，其分类根据是划一的，分出的三类book owners互相排除，没有重叠。作者还通过使用“the first kind…another kind…the final kind…”等这些转换词语，有机地围绕主题“There are three kinds of book owners”，介绍了三种不同类型的“owners”。此外，作者还将一些读者不知或概念不清的词、词组，如“bestsellers”，“dipped into”，“do geared”，“dilapidated”等下了定义，这便达到了使读者完全领会其意的目的。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 25
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay according to the given information below
about “Kinds of
Library Materials Found in Most Good Libraries”by using the techniques taught in this unit．Do remember to define some of the
unknown words．
1）books（on all subjects，in different languages，organized in the card catalog，which can be checked out and
borrowed for a month）
2）reference
works（including
encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，which can only be used in the
library itself）
3）periodcals（including magazines，newspapers，pamphlets，which cannot be removed from the
library）
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第二十六单元 如何用过程分析法推展篇章
26．1 Process（过程法）
Process descripton is similar to the procedures followed in
conducting a scientific experiment．It describes definite steps in a logical order．
In this unit，you will be asked to write a process essay—one that explains clearly how to do
or make something．
In almost all the essays we have discussed，the topic sentence has appeared at
or near the beginning of the first paragraph．In a well constructed process description，the topic sentence establishes the
context of the process developed in succceeding sentences and paragraphs．Notice that in the following model
essay the process of making a plaint is divided into three major steps．
Model Essay 26…1
How to Make a plaint
Have you ever experienced the unpleasant situations of being a
victimized consumer？I think most of you have．In self…defense，I have developed the following consumer's guide to plaining
effectively．
The first step is getting organized．I save all sales slips and original boxes so that whenever I
plain， I would know
the dateof the purchase，the correct price，and the place where the item was purchased．Then I pose my letter of
plaint．The next step
is to send the plaint to the person who will get results quickly．Usually，I write directly to the president
of a pany and I always get prompt action．Finally，if I get no response to a written plaint within ten days，I follow through with a personal
telephone call．
Therefore，my advice to you is to keep accurate records，and when you have to plain，go right to the top．It has always worked for me．
26．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
A more visual representation of the model essay process development
would be like this：
1）Topic introducer：I have developed the following consumer's guide to plaining
effectively．
2）Process steps：a．Keep accurate
records
b．When
plaining，go right to
the top
c．following up
with further action
3）Conclusion：Therefore，my advice to you is to……
26．3 Advice on How to Write a Process Essay
1）State your topic in a single clear sentence．
For instance，“Knowing how to prepare for an important exam can lead you to success”or “Growing your own vegetables is easier than you might think”．
2）First make a list of all the steps you are describing．
Take“How to Make a
plaint”for example：
write letter of plaint
follow through with a telephone call if no response
save sales slips and original boxes
send plaint letter directly to president
3）Then number your items in time order or logical order．
①save sales slips and original boxes
② write letter of plaint
③send plaint letter directly to
president
④follow through with telephone call
if no response
4）Group the item into a minimum of three steps．
For example，you might divide the process into①getting organized；②sending the plaint to president；③following up with further action．
5）Be sure to use transitions，such as，“first，next，also，then，after，now，during，and finally”so that your essay moves smoothly
and clearly from one step in the process to the next．
Writing Assignment for
Unit 26
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay on the topic “How to Prepare for an Important
Exam”in no less
than 100 words．
Remember to write clearly．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十七单元 如何用因果法推展篇章
27。1 Cause and Effect（因果法）
The stating of facts and the giving of reasons to explain why and
how the facts came about is the basic procedure in essay development by cause
and effect．The technique
of cause and effect has great flexibility，for the relationships between causes and effects are not always as
clear cut as the two terms seem to suggest．Causes may not all carry the same weight，for example．Several contributing causes may be
grounded together to form one important cause．There may be one effect to a cause，or there may be many．Effects may be less important than causes，and so on．So you have to be very careful in
dealing with cause and effect．
Model Essay 27…1
As it is known to everyone，languages are constantly changing nowadays．There are many reasons why
languages change，but the
following three major causes may help illustrate the concept．Initially，various languages that started from
the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted
away from one another to establish isolated，independent munities．
Another major cause of language change is the influence of and
interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result of militaryconquest．A continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and
new systems of munication that bring all cultures and languages into closer
contact，with
borrowing between language a mon phenomenon in the contemporary world．
New established munities，the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures，the rapid development of technology
and new systems of munication contribute to language change．So we may say all languages change
as the experiences of their speakers change．
27。2 Analysis of the Model
Essay（范文分析）
The three causes of language change mentioned in the above model
essay can be outlined as follows：
effect：Languages are changing constantly．
cause：a．newly established munities
b．the influence
of and interaction with foreign cultures
c．the rapid
development of technology and new systems of munication
本文作者首先点出主题思想：Languages are contantly
changing（表明结果），接着列举了导致发生变化的三大原因，并举例加以说明，使读者对文中的因果关系一清二楚（此篇文章着重强调了语言发展变化的原因）。此外，文中所用的一些